@dm123
The English word evolved from French, which included both meanings (Kabbalah & conniving secret group)
Usage in English and whatever relation to British govt. comes later.
Check the dates on the link you
posted above.
In French it meant "secret maneuvers" (doesn't necessarily seem inherently devious to me) in 1546.
ETYMOL. AND HIST. − 1. 1532 “doctrine, transmitted tradition” ( Rabelais , Pantagruel, Prologue, ed. Marty-Laveaux, t. 1, p. 215); 1611 to own "Jewish interpretation of the OT" ( Cotgr. ); 2. 1546 "occult science" ( Palmerin d'Olive, 39b after Vaganay in Rom. Forsch., t. 32, p. 21); 3. 1546 “secret manoeuvres” ( Rabelais , Tiers Livre, ed. Marty-Laveaux, t. 2, p. 78: monastic cabal ). Empr. to Hebrew. qabbāla “received tradition, esoteric doctrine”, from the verb qibbel “to receive by tradition” (v.Devic ).
The earliest sinister usage in French on the link you posted is 1830, well after the Restoration Era usage would have taken hold and migrated to France:
II.− [P. ref. to the secrecy that surrounds the speculations of those who devote themselves to this form of occultism] Secret intrigue hatched against someone, to affect him in his reputation, his actions or his works. The first thing that is organized (...) are discords, jealousies, intrigues, cabals of all kinds ( Fourier , Le Nouv. monde industr., 1830 , p. 26):
ETA: the etymonline link says the "intriguing" (if that indeed means nefarious, I'm not convinced) use (1660's) was over a century after the Kabbala use (1520's).